Analyse the causes of the 1848 revolution in France Essay

Analyse the causes of the 1848 revolution in France. With the ascension of Louis-Phillipe to the throne in July 1830, after the abdication of Charles X he appeared to have many factors in his favour that would seem to warrant a successful monarch and long standing regime. However, after 14 years the monarch, Louis-Phillipe, felt forced into a position where he had to abdicate, why then did the regime collapse so suddenly and unexpectedly? Especially after it had overcome so many early difficulties to establish itself in the minds of the French as an acceptable form of government. I believe the answer lies in a number of factor/causes. Long Term Causes Notably, one of the greatest weaknesses of the monarchy was the fact that Louis-Phillipe could claim no right to the throne of France. The French Tradition concerning the crown was that of heredity right, and had occurred so for centuries, being based, it was claimed, on the will of God. Therefore, although disliked no one could dispute the right of the Bourbons to occupy the throne of France. Louis-Phillipe had no such divine right as there was no belief that the legitimate monarch should be replaced by one of his relatives if he became unpopular. On what basis, then, was he king? There only appear to be three basis’s for a regime; hereditary right, the will of the people or the force of arms. Louis-Phillipe fulfilled none of these criteria. Indeed, the Orleaninst Monarchy was merely a useful compromise clutched at by desperate land owners who feared for their welfare in context of the future. The only way such forms of government can survive is if they manage to continue con vincing their nation that they have the moral right to be in power and in so doing inspire confidence in their supporters. Other long-term causes of Louis-Phillipe eventual downfall can be traced to his policies, both foreign and domestic. What must be remembered is that for the previous five hundred years France had been the most powerful nation in Europe, a heroic and glorious past in which the French placed great importance in. This had ended with napoleons defeat at the hands of the fourth coalition of European powers who had felt that their safety had been placed in question. This, napoleons final defeat, had occurred fifteen years previous and sufficient time had lapsed for the French people to yearn a return to their glorious past and a reinstatement of their empire. However, Louis-Phillipe thought differently, ignoring his past (as a young man he was a refugee abroad which led him to view active/aggressive foreign policy with suspicion) and his natural caution and desire for peace, one has to take into account the fact that the other major European Powers were determined not to let France endanger the security of the other European states again. The king realized that it was likely that any provocation the Powers would attempt to impose their will upon France as they had done in 1815. He recognised the precarious position he was in therefore his highest priority was to avoid a general European war where he was sure to be opposed by Austria, Russia, Prussia and Britain. Evidence of this opinion came in the form of the Belgium question. Belgium previously of the French empire had been annexed to the Netherlands in an attempt to create a buffer to future French expansion. The Belgium’s were not happy with this situation and so rebelled. They were successful. There was general fear throughout Europe that France would then again annex Belgium, but this did not happen. France did not intervene even though Louis-Phillipe’s son was offered the crown. Instead, France worked closely with Britain to ensure the independence of Belgium. Later in Spain there was a power struggle, an area considered to be Frances sphere of influence, but again Louis-Phillipe tried to gain no unfair advantage in the area. This behaviour of the French king was abnormal in the eyes of the French and wholly disappointing as again and again he refused to gain international advantage. In the late 1830’s a foreign crisis emerged that would make the French people feel more than disappointment. The Ottoman Empire was an empire that was struggling. The only way it managed to maintain its control was by establishing local rulers who had relative freedom as long as they respected the suzerainty of the Sultan in Constantinople. However, one leader emerged, Mehemet Ali of Egypt that had almost as much power as the Sultan himself. This pleased the French as Ali was a client of theirs using a lot of their technology and intelligence. The European powers were displease with this and wanted to limit Ali’s powers. Thiers, the leading minister, began an obstructionist policy hoping that Ali would resolve matters in his own way, Thiers even implied it would be an issue that France would go to was over. Unfortunately Britain called Frances bluff as Britain and Russia forced Ali to accept their terms. Louis-Phillipe was humiliated as he wasn’t prepared to risk a war with Britain and Russia; he dismissed Thiers and had to accept national humiliation. This specific incident led to enormous displeasure and discontent among the French people. They felt that in backing down Louis-Phillipe had acted dishonourably and had humiliated the country. Furthermore, the subsequent friendship that evolved with Britain (a situation which Louis-Phillipe felt would be favourable to his position in Europe) added more salt to the wounds. France was playing a junior partner to Britain, the traditional enemy. Louis-Phillipe was in a position where he could do no right. He wasn’t in the position to adopt an aggressive foreign policy (that is aside from the fact that he didn’t want to) which disappointed his subjects and in the scenario where he did become active he adopted positions tha t led to even more humiliation than inactivity would have bestowed. Another aspect of Louis-Phillipe’s reign that could of led to his downfall can be rooted in his domestic policy. Again here inactivity was favoured by the king. Once the regime was established and certain basic rules changed to the kings liking the king’s view was that everything was working well so there was no use in tampering with it. Almost, that the system was beyond improvement. Unfortunately for the king, this was not a widely shared view. The main bone of discontent was concerning the current voting system. Many hankered for a reform especially as there was emerging a new class, a group of men who considered themselves to be part of the social elite and yet who didn’t have the right to vote. Their cause was championed by the Legislative assembly (with Thiers an ardent supporter) a situation which made life more difficult for the king and his government. Another reason for the eventual collapse of the July monarchy can be traced back to the actual person of the king. By 1843 the king had reached his 70th birthday and although fit and alert he was, decidedly old and traits that he had exhibited earlier on in life became more pronounced. His talkativeness became something to be endured, he avoided making decisions altogether being satisfied with the current situation, His public appearances became less which meant he couldn’t create and maintain personal loyalties, significantly he stopped reviewing the National Guard in 1840, what Louis-Phillipe couldn’t see was that he was leaving a vacuum that could easily be filled be someone else on the occasion of a crisis. However these weren’t his only problems for the king one of his other problems was that he failed to play the part of the grand and great king that was traditional in France. He dull and boring, to be honest, he lived like a bourgeoisie merchant doing much for himself, wandering through Paris unattended; he was not the inaccessible monarch of previously. He looked and dressed in an undistinguished manner. This led to the claim that the king was insufficiently different from the ordinary man to be worth having as king. Short Term Causes One of the major problems that surrounded the Revolution of 1848 was the current economic depression. Due to Industrial Revolution Paris had grown considerably which, even when the economy was healthy, created problems of poverty and poor living conditions. By 1846 there was widespread unemployment; tens of thousands of people were living in poverty or near starving. Also, around the same time a social conscience had begun to develop among the upper classes and the opinion was that something must be done. The king responded with his usual stoicism and stubbornness in that he felt that nothing could be done. This isolated some of his natural supporters and disillusioned those who thought that the July monarchy would be a flexible and responsive regime. There were many opponents of Guizot in Parliament, many of whom wanted to see him ousted form power. (NB. They wanted to achieve power for themselves not overthrow the king) One way which the felt effective was the organization of banquets to champion the cause of electoral reform. They arranged a series of local meeting to whip up popular support. Instead the reformers lost control as they were taken over by extreme republicans who desired the overthrowing of the regime. Consequently the meeting were banned and made illegal. There was one due to take place in Paris on 22 February 1848 but subsequently it was illegal. A march took its place. When Louis-Phillipe then called on the National Guard he recognized their reluctance and realized he judged the general mood wrongly. He lost his nerve. He dismissed Guizot in order to mollify the opposition but this instead gave hope to the agitators. The next day troops then fired on a good natured crowd killing 80. The Republicans used this to whip up anger and mobilize a mob in Paris. On 24 February 1848 Louis-Phillipe abdicated. In a situation as complex as that of the Revolution of 1848 with so many interdependent causes it is foolish to attempt to satisfy such a wide ranging issue with one simple answer. There was a fundamental weakness in the July Monarchy in that it seemed to have no right to the throne what was unfortunate for Louis-Phillipe was that there were already alternative forms of government available if the current one became unpopular. Furthermore, his changing personality was leaving a vacuum that could easily be filled be someone else on the occasion of a crisis. These both led to the king’s support being considerable diminished at a time when it was most need. Moreover The king’s lifestyle contributed to the widespread feeling that the July monarchy had outlived its usefulness: it was not that Louis-Phillipe’s lifestyle and personality turned friends into enemies; rather, they contributed to the slump n moral which left the way open to those who passionately wanted change. As well as this his both unsuccessful domestic and foreign led to a more hostile general feeling towards the king as well as contributing to the internal upheaval that eventually led to the kings unseating. In the immediate events leading to the king’s abdication Louis-Phillipe’s â€Å"senile imbecility† (A. de Tocqueville) had a large part to play. His loss of nerve lost many of his last supporters, he failed to stand firm and weather a modest storm. His handling of the situation and especially his failure to call the army which might well have saved him eventually led to his downfall. He allowed a small molehill to become a mountain for no strong reason. It is difficult to assess which of these factors played the greatest role, for, all of the long term factors appear of equal importance, on a par also with the backdrop of economic depression and social consciousness that was concurrent at the time however the questions still remains whether these on their own would have been enough to make a successful revolution and if whether the king had acted correctly and strongly, he would not have fallen It seems it was the kings inactivity that pervaded every part of his professional and personal life (foreign and domestic policy, personality and lifestyle and ultimately in the last days leading up to his abdication) that eventually l ed to his downfall. (Felt that this wasn’t a satisfactory conclusion, found it hard to articulate here, how could I improve it, there seemed to be so many possibilities) Use ready made alternative forms of govment in conclusion to show why fist point was important. Domestic policy – if their had been an electorate reform the regime would have won the cative support of the ‘new group’ Personality- he was lifestyle- they Hort term- Louis-Phillipes lack of stubbornessdismayed his supporters who say this as an indication that the end was near and nobody wants to support a lost acuse . Louis-Phillipe was still in the position to use the army and stand strong but the lack of support shown by the National Guard seemed to have b

Belonging Related Text Essay

George Orwell’s essays – related text ‘Marrakech’ explores the notion of ethnocentricity through a Eurocentric perspective, in which one is isolated at the consequence of differing morels. Orwell succeeds in doing so through various anecdotes â€Å"What does Morocco mean to a Frenchman? An orange-grove or a job in government service. † In essence this displays the failure of a migrant to withhold a deeper connection to the land. Orwell emotively describes the crippled elderly women who â€Å"answered with a shrill wail, almost a scream, which was partly gratitude but mainly surprise†, as a response to the charity he provided her with. The dramatic reaction displays her sense of alienation from her own homeland, at fault of those who are foreign, yet awfully powerful. This is furthered through the description of â€Å"the shy, wide-eyed Negro† where through his ignorance, he â€Å"has been taught that the white race are his masters, and still believes it. † A sense of melancholy pervades this essay through the harsh truth â€Å"How much longer can we go on kidding these people? † displaying the indigenous peoples disconnection to a place that was originally theirs. While ‘Marrakech’ explores the notion that one does not belong to their homeland. This is juxtaposed through ‘Shooting an Elephant’ with Orwell’s alternative experience of belonging. Through Orwell’s ambivalence we see the highly controversial understanding of â€Å"the hollowness.. of the white man’s dominion in the East. † It is ironic that a â€Å"sub-divisional police officer† should feel self-conscious with such authority. Controversially he â€Å"was all for the Burmese† juxtaposed to the grotesque imagery of his deepest desire to â€Å"drive a bayonet into a Buddhist priest’s guts.

American CEO Compensation is Immoral

Substantial evidence shows that American CEOs are better rewarded than their counterparts in European countries, and that this trend has been on a rapid upward growth starting from the last thirty years and only slowing down during global economic recessions. As expected this trend has drawn considerable arguments, with a lot of questions posed about what structures do American companies usually apply when commissioning such abnormal pay hikes and whether such structures are ethically and professionally justified.For instance, it can be loudly wondered whether the American CEOs deserve these high payments more than other CEOs elsewhere in the world. It can also be wondered whether they have more responsibilities than their counterparts in Europe and other continents alike. Well, the answers to these questions may draw all sorts of answers to the affirmative and/or otherwise.For purposes of this paper it is hypothesized that, the abnormally huge compensation packages given to American CEOs in the form of salaries, bonuses, stocks, options, or even termination packages is not morally justified given that most workers in America are still struggling with the agony caused by unemployment, ineffective social welfare systems, and increased costs of living. In tackling this seemingly sensitive issue, efforts will be made to represent both sides of the argument in equal measures and then finally a final verdict will be made in support of the study hypothesis.Theoretical Framework: Rogerian Argument Himself a psychologist, Carl Rogers advances a â€Å"rational† kind of approach especially when sensitive matters are at stake. He opines that a writer should first of all understand strive to represent his readers perspectives in his writings using the most neutral words there can be. He should also do the same when advancing his standpoint on an issue, particularly if such standpoint is not good news to his readership.His advices are that a writer should not adopt a n adversarial approach in presenting arguments rather he should adopt a seemingly neutral ground that will help to build sympathy and the desire to read more on the part of the audience. In fact, he reasons that a writer should not make a generalization as what his readership should believe of do, rather he should together with his readership struggle to finding and defending a neutral ground that will enable the readership to make their own personal decisions based on the fairly and factually resented issue.Using this practical method of argument this paper will seek to present the sensitive issue of executive compensation by delineating the issue in operational terms; agreeing on morality of increased CEO compensation packages; refuting the morality of the same; offering examples why increased CEO compensation packages is not morally justified, and; proposing a neutral compromise that pits the two positions equally acceptable to the audience. Research Problem Is it morally justifi ed to pay CEOs huge salaries while other employees are poorly rewarded?This paper intends to carry out an intensive study to investigate whether the evidential abnormal American CEO Compensation packages are morally justified. To achieve this, a range of existing literature on marketplace modalities governing employee compensation vis-a-vis ethical structures will be revisited. The literature collected thereof will be analyzed and systematically presented using the five principles of communication as advanced by Carl Rogers with view of advancing an opposition verdict.There is a general consensus that teachers are underpaid and their professions are under respected. Now what if I told you that presidents of colleges make a lot of money? And that they have been making more money since the recession even though campuses at large have lost classes and fees have been increased for students. Do you feel that the presidents for scholastic institutions should still get paid so highly? Well , it all boils down to the general perspective held by an individual. Most European countries believe in a more socialistic approach to president/CEO/executive pay.Their salaries represent a level of contentment and achievement that can be justified as being equal to their counter parts below them. Here in America, since the recession many Americans have been scratching their heads in wonderment as to why CEOs of companies such as CountryWide, BofA, and Goldman have been pulling in such large amounts compared to the rest of the workers. Brian Foley mentioned that many American CEOs make more money in one year than the median salaried worker makes in lifetime. Is this an injustice? Our European corporate counterparts see it as such.However many European companies move their base to America to reap the same rewards that American CEOs get, so what part of making such high pay makes it right? As a student and an intern at a finance company I feel that the corporate pyramid represents mo re of a stairway to heaven. I wonder what part of life, morality, and injustice to my coworkers must I face to reap the future rewards of possibly being a partner or maybe more? Should I work for the money as many Americans do instead of our European counterparts who work for contentment and the ability to provide security to their employees and others?With the on set of the recession American corporate pay structure has not only been heavily scrutinized by those who are not in the top of that structure, but has also been shunned upon by many other CEOs and Presidents all over the world. Greedy for money, unjustly leaning towards the welfare of Top executives, immoral for people who are unemployed because a CEO is unwilling to hire new members to keep his salary as high as possible; these are the ideas that resonate in newspapers.Although after being an intern at KKR Capital for one and half years and getting paid at 25 an hour, my sentiments are starting to be different. Background Information There is no doubt on the authenticity of the generalization that, CEOs in American corporations (profit and not-for-profit alike) are rewarded handsomely compared to what their counterparts in other countries particularly those in Europe earn. Consequently, significant debate on this seemingly sensitive issue has ensued among policy makers and pundits alike within and beyond the US borders.Tellingly, some of these loud voices in acknowledgement as well as those in opposition have got some elements of sanity in them. After all, common sense as well as sound work ethics holds that employee compensation packages should be pegged against performance meters. In their investigation on the patterns of executive compensation among â€Å"S&P 500, Mid-Cap 400 and Small-Cap 600 companies† between the period commencing 1993 to 2003, Bebchuk and Grenstein found out that indeed there has been a tremendous increase in remuneration packages for CEOs and top executives across maj or organizations in the United States (2).Their findings pointed out to a whopping mean compensation increment of 146 percent for CEOs in the S&P 500 category, the mean compensation for â€Å"top-five executives† also grew by a 125 percent margin from $9. 5 to $21. 4 for the same category. An increase from the $3. 7million recorded in 1993 to $9. 1 million recorded in 2003. Similar upward trend was also observed in the Mid-Cap 400 and Small-Cap 600 company categories.A comparison of the mean compensation increase between CEOs and the top-five executives indicated that CEOs were higher in 2003 when compared to 1993, an indicator that indeed CEOs compensation packages has grown over the years (2-3). Faulkender et al argue that CEO compensation in majority of the leading US organizations has soared to reach higher levels courtesy of â€Å"an explosion in stock option grants† and â€Å"flawed governance mechanisms in the pay-setting process† (110). Precisely, their data shows that the mean CEO remuneration package for S&P 500 corporations grew significantly from a low of $850,000 to $14 million between 1970 and 2000.For unexplainable reasons the growth dropped in 2002to $9. 4 million only to gain momentum again to hit the high of $13. 5 million between 2005 and 2007 (110). Again, it dropped in 2008 to $10. 5 due to the biting effects of the global economic crunch. [See appendices 2 for amore details] There is a huge discrepancy between CEO salaries and those of other employees. Trends show that the discrepancy has been on an increase starting from the last thirty years and only slightly dipping on few occasions due to the effects of unfavorable economic developments.As a matter of fact, unusually high salary packages have been ditched even on controversial circumstances to executives embroiled in management squabbles. In mind is the notable $210 million that was given to HomeDepot departing executive, Robert Nardelli and the $187. 5 million gi ven to NYSE departing executive Richard Grasso. In the list of the â€Å"most controversial compensation packages† issued to an executive is the former Tyco CEO, Dennis Kozlowski who was given a dispatch package of $5.1million worth of shares in the company and other shares from a subsidiary company worthy $81 million despite him being not cleared from fraudulent charges brought against his manner of management while serving as the company CEO (Faulkender et al). Morality in American CEO Compensation Kaplan (2009) argues that, the widely held notion that CEO compensation packages are abnormally high is nowhere near the truth, and that CEO compensation packages do not contribute to financial crises.He offers what seems like a set of well researched and analyzed data showing that CEOs are actually underpaid particularly when their compensation packages are juxtaposed against those of â€Å"hedge fund managers, investment bankers, private equity investors, money managers, and l awyers†. In fact, in 2007 S&P 500 CEOs earned relatively low salaries compared with what top hedge fund managers took home. In his well broken down analysis, he offers that the salary scales of other employee groups just as that of the CEOs has grown considerably since 1990s.Analytically, this is an indicator that CEOs are not riding on an abnormal or even unethical reward wave. Contrary to other studies on CEO compensation trends among American corporations, Kaplan concise research findings show that CEO salaries among major US S&P 500 companies only gained momentum in 2000and that since then the mean and median CEO compensation indexes has been on a stagnant as opposed to a growing trend. Even so, in what seems as a concurrence with other studies on the American CEOs compensation matter, Kaplan agrees that since 2008 the trend has been on a decline trend.Moreover, as opposed to the gross income trends entered in the prior decade, CEOs only made a small portion, three percent of the number of Americans making the top 0. 1 percent gross income in the 2004- 2005finacial year. That the S&P 500 CEOs only managed to account for about 0. 60 percent of the total income for Americans making the top 0. 1 percent gross income in 2006 as compared to 1. 2 percent registered in 2001, with indicators showing a likely diminishing trend in the future. According to Bebchuk, Fried and Walker any ‘rational’ human being including CEOs may be tempted to enrich themselves if given an opportunity to do so.They argue that, â€Å"When changing circumstances create an opportunity to extract additional rents–either by changing outrage costs and constraints or by giving rise to a new means of camouflage–managers will seek to take full advantage of it and will push firms toward an equilibrium in which they can do so†(cited in Gabaix and Landier 53). A case atypical to this postulation is the popular use of the stock option packages by CEOs to incre ase their benefits without undergoing the agony of facing shareholders vetting and/or wraths.Moreover, the behavior of the board members also gives CEOs a leeway to sneak in high incentives for their positions. Incomplete or ill-informed board members may fail in their duties to vet any salary increases on the part of the CEOs giving them a wide operating space. Some board members may also be lacking the needed powers to question CEOs compensation decisions; this is a case common in corporations with very powerful CEOs who tend to ‘manage’ the board. There is no direct link between financial crisis and high executive compensation.Though it is obvious that high remuneration packages may play a significant role in financial crisis engulfing companies such as the one witnessed in 2008, other more directly linked and more powerful factors are responsible. In mind is the weird banking regulation that leaves too much space for financial institutions to give out unsecured cred it facilities as well as the great leeway on the part of such banking institutions that accords them an opportunity to double as hedge funds.By fair terms these two factors are the ones to blame and not the hiked executive salaries given that the financial crisis was chiefly caused by high rates loan and mortgage defaulting. As a matter of fact, Faulkender et al (116) argue that executive compensation forms a very small chunk of the many causal factors of the recently ended financial crisis and that it cannot be blamed for all the woes engulfing the American banking industry. According to Grundfest executives of banks experiencing financial crises cannot be held accountable for causing the crises.In fact, he boldly offers the executives incentives cannot be blamed for financial crisis that hit the banking sector in 2008. This he defends by offering that the executives always give their best when it comes to managing their organizations and that they formulate strategies that are bas ed to the best of their knowledge and experience: â€Å"Sure, they were miserably wrong, but they didn’t know they were making a huge mistake that would cost them, their shareholders and taxpayers a huge fortune† (1).He defend this argument by reminding his readership that even the executives lost their investments in the form of stock they held in the banks. That the executives are also shareholders of the organizations they head, it is an indicator that they do not their own interests but that of the shareholders and that any eventuality of a great financial crisis is just normal in that it is not triggered by any commission or omission on the part of the executives (1).The high CEOs compensation packages among American public corporations are ethically justified. The competitive nature of the domestic market economy between privately owned equity firms and public corporations where private organizations offer very competitive pay packages to woe top executive with p roven performance track records. A case atypical to this argument is depicted by the mass exodus of top executives from public corporations to Wall Street based private equity corporations where they offer a range of executive advisory services (Kaplan 1).American CEO Compensation Immoral Is American CEO Compensation moral? I believe that it is immoral because compared to that of European CEOs, American CEOs get paid so highly and with the onset of the recession, this has been highly scrutinized. It is argued that executives who by capitalizing on the seemingly lax regulations on the compensation modalities go ahead and declare abnormal bonuses for themselves are result-oriented as opposed to rule-oriented.Lundberg and Montell proves this postulation by asserting that the growing trend on the part of executives to reward themselves with hefty salaries is occasioned by the market systems, particularly those based on commission basis or the popular â€Å"performance-based† remu neration. Analyzing a number of similar trends they argue that the performance-based salary perks erode the moral content among executives to the extent that they fail to link their actions as unethical but economically justified, given the huge profits they help make for the companies they head (2).Financial incentives are responsible for attracting all manner of personnel some of whom are only driven by the desire to reap from the huge legitimate benefits and if possible to use the seemingly ambiguous employee compensation regulations to achieve this in a quicker manner (Schwab 1). As a matter of fact, it has been argued that incentivized compensation packages are usually complex especially if large production processes are involved so that it becomes difficult in determining the â€Å"what, how much, who, and when† of production units awarded to individual employees.Such complex scenarios may tempt executives to overstep their powers and therefore increase their salaries. Moreover, though the performance-based compensation scheme is buoyed by the notion that highly rewarded employees perform better this is may not be the case in all situations especially if some of section of the employees is rewarded handsomely at the expense of others.Paying executives too much money is tantamount to immorally siphoning a large chunk of the overall profits that an organization makes and spending it on one individual instead of doing so on the large number of the shareholders who are in real sense the owners of such organization. This trend which has been witnessed in many financial institutions in the US has resulted in immense suffering on the part of the shareholders. It can be argued that these sufferings are threefold (Murali 1):First, from the poor decisions taken at the expense of the long-term viability of the company; second, through the payouts of excessive benefits for mediocre or poor performance; and third for the costs and settlements of any ensuing la wsuits, which were paid by the companies involved. Most importantly, these skewed compensation packages do not subscribe to any conventional capitalism rules. This is because it flouts the tenets of performance-based reward system as it does not make sense that American CEOs are the only hardworking executives in the whole world.As Murali summarizes it, â€Å"There is no way that the job of CEOs in the US has become 20 times more difficult than it was in Alfred Sloan’s day or 10 times more difficult than it was in the 1970s, and yet the packages suggest precisely that† (1). There is no doubt that the American government does not give much attention to executive compensation practices employed by major corporations operating the US. This has given much room to large financial institutions to engage in unprecedented reward systems that enrich top executives at the expense of the other cadres of employees and the shareholders.Such, reward system is not only selfish and im moral but it also highlights on the bred of CEOs running large corporations: as persons out to perpetuate their own agendas rather than that f the shareholders. Mitigation Measures It is true that in approaching the American CEOs compensation issue a lot of care and sobriety should be used. This is because there are both light and dark sides on the issue. The most certain solution to the issue seems to be legislation of strict regulations that will put limits to the amount of bonuses executives can award themselves.However, this need not be as plain as it is said; otherwise it will not be accepted by the majority. Americans needs fundamental economic legislations that will address a wide area of the puzzle including making the cost of living more affordable for the common American so as to mitigate the biting effect of economic of future economic crunches. Such legislations will ensure that the executive compensation packages are also fixed in accordance with the prevailing economic trends as opposed to the individual performance of a company.In regard to their â€Å"result-oriented and rule-oriented† analogy, Lundberg and Montell offer that result-oriented executives are most likely to disregard the moral fabric when compared to their rule-oriented counterparts. In this regard they opine that the performance-based incentive programs are a recipe for moral degradation on matters of employee compensation and that they only succeed in creating result-driven executives and not rule-conscious ones (Lundberg and Montell 2).It can therefore, be asserted that even in the presence of rules that fix executive compensation limits, there can never be a convincing assurance that the problem of abnormal compensation can be fully addressed given that, the inherent failure on the part of the result-driven executives to acknowledge the element of morality in following or even breaking the set rules. Again, the bonus pegged market structure where both short and long ter m bonus targets are included as part of competitive reward system to motivate hardworking employees, and to attract and retain talented employees’ only serves as a catalyst for breach of such rules (2-3).This postulation is supported by Schwab (1) when he says: While regulation is important for the future of the global economy, rules alone are not sufficient. The economy is not an independent or self-contained realm; the crisis has shown that the economy has to serve society. We have to be careful that the measures taken to curtail the crisis will not damage the power of innovation in the real economy. In mitigation it is hereby advanced that the realm of management should not be commoditized, rather it should be handled as a profession.This postulation is advised by the conventional wisdom that a profession just like a society is governed by â€Å"ground rules† and not monetary incentives. Such a scenario will accord all cadres of employees an opportunity to reap from the fruits of their labor in proportionate measures irrespective of their status in the organizational ladder. Most importantly, this â€Å"will create an unspoken social contract of trust to other members of society† (Lundberg and Montell 4). This postulation draws its impetus from similar sentiments shared by Schwab (1) when he generously offers that:When I had surgery a few years ago, I knew very well that my future quality of life would be dependent to a large extent on the qualifications of the surgeon. This is why I sought an expert who was the best in his profession. I naturally assumed that I was in the hands of a doctor who could apply his most professional skills without claiming that he would like to have a share of my future income – since, of course, this would be dependent on his knowhow – in addition to his remuneration.In this regard Reynolds offers that organizations should foster efforts toward the improvement of personal qualities such as edu cational qualification, work experience, as well, the propensity to embrace change. He argues that such efforts are capable of instilling the sense of morality among employees (241). Work Cited Bebchuk, Lucian and Yaniv Grinstein. The Growth of Executive Pay. Discussion Paper No. 51004/2005, Harvard Law School Cambridge, MA 02138, (2005). Faulkender, Michael, Dalida Kadyrzhanova, N.Prabhala, and Lemma Senbet. Executive Compensation: An overview of research on corporate practices and proposed reforms. Applied Corporate Finance, 22. 1. (2010). Co Gabaix, Xavier and Augustin Landier. Why Has CEO Pay Increased So Much? The Quarterly Journal of Economics, February 2008. Grundfest, Joseph. ‘What’s Needed is Uncommon Wisdom’, New York Times online, October 6, 2009. Kaplan, Steve. (Good) CEOs Are Underpaid, Harvard Business Review, Harvard Business School Publishing, June 15, 2009.Lundberg, Viktor and Christofer Montell. The effects of incentive compensation on moral awa reness: An explorative study. Master Thesis in Management Accounting, University of Gothenburg, School of Business, Economics and Law, 2010. Merchant, Kenneth, A. , and Wim A. Van der Stede. Management control systems: Performance measurement, evaluation and incentives. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Murali, D. Pay should reinforce right tone at the top.July 8, 2010, accessed July 22, 2010, from: http://www. thehindu. com/ Reynolds, Scott. Moral awareness and ethical predispositions: investigating the role of individual differences in the recognition of moral values. Journal of Applied Psychology 91. 1 (2006); 233–243. Schwab, Klaus. Financial crisis is a chance for positive change. Times Online, Publ. 081104. Accessed on July 22, 2010, from: http://business. timesonline. co. uk/tol/busines/management/article5076011. ece/

How can inservice training and development support employee retention Dissertation

How can inservice training and development support employee retention within the communication team - Dissertation Example .............................................................................. 4.3 Linking findings with theory..................................................................................... 5.1 Conclusion and recommendations............................................................................. References Appendices EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This research study aimed to close the gap in research knowledge regarding the role of inservice training in the organisation as a potential support tool for improving retention in communications teams. In the organisation, communications teams are set up to facilitate more effective communication between organisational actors, often involving employees, managers, and executives. These teams are responsible for reinforcing mission and vision, communicating policy changes and organisational adaptations, and facilitating the technologies and methodologies for effective discussion and interactions between organisational actors. In HR, retention relates to the ratios by which an organisation is able to reduce turnover and intention to leave, through the establishment of policies and strategies geared at employee satisfaction and job role motivation. Because there are significant gaps in knowledge literature supporting whether inservice training can serve as a predictor for improved retention, this study aimed to identify the tangible and intangible factors (intrinsic versus extrinsic) that could potentially lead inservice training to be a predictor of positive retention outcomes. Inservice training represents training provided to current employees, either short- or long-term, that provides new knowledge on systems, technologies, or behavioural changes needed to effectively facilitate a changing job role and... These teams are responsible for reinforcing mission and vision, communicating policy changes and organisational adaptations, and facilitating the technologies and methodologies for effective discussion and interactions between organisational actors. In HR, retention relates to the ratios by which an organisation is able to reduce turnover and intention to leave, through the establishment of policies and strategies geared at employee satisfaction and job role motivation. Because there are significant gaps in knowledge literature supporting whether inservice training can serve as a predictor for improved retention, this study aimed to identify the tangible and intangible factors (intrinsic versus extrinsic) that could potentially lead inservice training to be a predictor of positive retention outcomes. Inservice training represents training provided to current employees, either short- or long-term, that provides new knowledge on systems, technologies, or behavioural changes needed to effectively facilitate a changing job role and organisational/competitive environment. The best practices in developing and delivering inservice training are not widely available in research literature, thus this project intended to identify these best practices or structural obligations of creating effective inservice training to determine how this might impact attitudes or behaviours of those in the communications team that are exposed to inservice training processes an d content. The study was primarily desk-based, analysing large volumes of secondary research data in areas of psycho-social characteristics in employees, the functional and structural designs of inservice training, the nature of communications team development, as well as communities of practice as a development tool associated with inservice training.

Answer questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Answer questions - Assignment Example With regard to the young ones, it gave them a direction and dimension of future prospect, the men and women a way of living, and the servants the ultimate freedom from ages of slavery that was imbibed upon them in various forms from the time of their birth. It was a movement and activity that had cultural context and narrative and changed the overall mindset and allowed for more learning, free expression, declaration of rights of the common, and raising the voice against tyranny, oppression and undue power and authority that was long in practice for centuries over the common man. The plays, the art, the theaters, the governmental movements, the philosophies all were crafted and maneuvered in a totally unique way in form of Renaissance. Even in present day it serves as learning steep for those who study it from different angles. Why was Leonardo’s presence important in and to Milan? Leonardo Di Vinci was a center figure in the era of Renaissance and his presence around had an i mpact on the overall mindset and pattern of art that flourished and prevailed in that era. His presence gave the new ones the direction, the contemporary ones the motivation and the upcoming artists a hope and motivation in form of the purified form of art which he carried and gave it a new direction. Leonardo Di Vinci belonged to an era which was marked by massive changes and transitions in form of the mindset and overall art and artists. The last Supper and Milan: Milan is the proud beholder of the Last Supper which is more than a mere painting and has multiple dimensions ranging from the art to history to philosophy that prevailed over period of time. it holds significance with regard to the church and the general sense that prevailed at that time. Make list and give examples of the elements of theater texts that were necessary in the Renaissance and that they are now redundant? The theme of the texts and painting was humanism, deism, rebellion, revolt and freedom; all this is cl early evident in the work of Renaissance and that era. Landscape, composition of figures through the sculpture, plaster and other means of art, use of fresco, portraits, nudism, freedom and salvation were few of the elements. The theater in itself was sufficiently strong enough and conveyed the general sense, mood and tempo of that era and the people which was exactly being demanded by them. Poetic expression in the theater, satire, irony, atheism were few of the elements of theater that developed with the course and action of Renaissance and allowed for the enlightenment of the masses in a cultured and educated way and the most soft way in form of art and expression which conveyed the message far and wide. These elements set precedence and are part of almost every society and every culture where the art is being followed and practiced. Hence it was the Renaissance and the theater texts that set foundation for what is being practiced and followed. Do you see any connection between p erspectives in painting perspective on stages? Give examples? There is a clear connection between the perspectives being presented in the paintings. Several paintings, stage events art, artists and their work can be attributed to the connection that prevailed in that era. For

How Google Is Making Us Smarter Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

How Google Is Making Us Smarter - Research Paper Example Through the use of computer, tablet as well as Smartphone technology, children are able to learn new things spontaneously as well as in various modalities (Shirky, 3). Pat Wyman, best-selling author of Amazing Grades: 101 Best Ways to Improve Your Grades Faster, clearly maintains that the â€Å"21st century learners use all three learning modalities as they interact with technology†. As the children can learn by watching videos, reading or listening to audios, internet empowers them to learn in their best suited way and technology permits them to turn out to be better critical thinkers as they organize all the information they learn for school projects (Atlantic, 2). The curiosity of the children as well as their ability to absorb information has enabled them to understand topics or subjects that they normally would not due to increased accessibility to means of information. The children have developed online comprehension and reading skills that have made them smarter. Unlike the conventional modes of learning, for instance, books or tutorials from teachers, the information provided by the internet is unlimited. The internet technology is unlimited unlike the information that is garnered from teachers, adults and textbooks that is limited by time, cost and experience (Druin et al. 89).The best study resource ever developed is computer or internet. It is full of crucial information, provides boundless avenues of carrying out research and analyzing the desired results (Shirky, 3).

Create a bullet-sheet Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Create a bullet-sheet - Assignment Example The following are some of the ways by which these approaches serve this purpose: Stakeholder Engagement, Dialogue and partnership: in the spirit of transparency, many organizations have expanded the platform to include shareholders, staff, customers, community, environment and suppliers who are constantly engaged to develop policies, partner for new solutions and resolving issues of public interest. In some cases, they partner with Non-governmental organizations such as Bank Track2 which hold such institutions accountable to the public, a factor that is simply expressed as outside governance Ethical Policy: corporate governance comes in here, as organizations come up with Ethical stance founded on comprehensively consultation with customers. This policy detail customer’s ethical concerns with regard to how their money should and should not be invested, thus preventing cases of fraud that take crop up through questionable investment. Establishment of a sustainable development department at the Group management level that reports to the higher authorities. This team serves as the catalyst and knowledge centre for embedding sustainable development through stakeholder engagement, sustainable reporting, and establishment of internal understanding. Lastly, the CSR works to accelerate the push for more responsible corporate behavior and business conduct, a factor that help maintain reputation and give organization good ground to carry on with their business operations. Internal transparency better external communication and internal dialogue and further help overcome workplace barriers while at the same time assist create

Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Literature - Essay Example The five natures or characteristics found in literature are subdivided into smaller segments to show the complex variety and types of works which have been produced by writers but the central points remain the same. These include: Knowing and understand these aspects allows an individual to apply the same to any work which is presented as literature and permits the examination of how that particular piece is constructed (Culler, 2000). Considering the longer of the two works, the Tell-Tale Heart is a fine example of gothic short story writing for which Poe is rightly famous. The story places an unnamed narrator with an old man who has a defect in one of his eyes which give it a cloudy appearance. The narrator is very distressed by the eye for some reason to the extent that he wishes to kill the old man. He stands night after night looking upon the old man as he sleeps but doesn’t kill him because the urge to kill settles down while the eye is closed. One night the old man wakes up and upon seeing the cloudy eye the narrator loses control and kills the old man. He chops up the body and buries it under the floor boards (Poe, 1843). When the police come to investigate, he remains calm and shows them around the house to clarify that there was no murder or accident. However, during the visit he starts hearing the heartbeat of the man he buried and becomes very agitated as it grows louder. The police do not hear anything but narrator himself is driven into frenzy and starts tearing out the floorboards to reveal the dead man’s body and his own guilt (Poe, 1843). If we apply the five characteristics, then all seem to fit very well into place with the story in question. First of all, the story and the events described therein are completely fictional although understandably scary and exciting. The language used is very suitable for

Square Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Square - Essay Example When Apple becomes the first to adopt this platform, it means Square will lose a lot of clients most so the technology oriented who are the majority in the current market place where convenience is the key determinant (Glover, Stephen and Douglas). The second need for Square Inc to adopt an e business platform is to enable it to extend into the non-US markets and this has to happen at the fastest rates. If this does not happen then the competitors like pay pal would snap the idea and use it to the disadvantage of Square. Square has therefore to be able to adopt the e business platform to catch up with the competition by being able to provide its customers with a variety of products, at affordable costs and with the convenience desired by most of the firms (Glover, Stephen and Douglas). Square will be able to integrate such operations through EMV in some countries and NFC in other countries. This would ensure that their operations are widened for diverse solutions in the vast financia l markets. Businesses face a lot of problems most so those that are involved on the online payment systems such problems range from the problems of uncertainty, the ever expanding global market, and the need for innovation. The largest problem is that which emanates from regulatory requirements. Uncertainty affects many business managers in the manner in which it would affects the operations of such businesses in the credit markets, global economy and how regulations would affect the operations of such businesses. Globalization affects the operations of Square due to the unpredictability of how different cultures would perceive their new products hence their penetration of the new markets (Glover, Stephen and Douglas). Before designing new products on the e business platform, such considerations costs the companies a lot of time in the manner they would conduct the same to get more customers while maintaining the ones they already have. This is because innovation and inventions are paramount most so in the volatile technology market. Square Inc faces a turbulent environment due to the existence of the competitors; this does not make the product design environment sleep because this would cost them from their competitors (Laudon, Kenneth and Carol). The business therefore tries to get the problem of innovation solved while still ensuring the control of the organization is in place. Without ensured control the hands of the law through enacted stiff regulations may also impact on the organization negatively. Regulations on energy, environment and financial policies are the most sensitive and require careful handling. As Square designs their new e business products they must ensure they operate under the regulations to avoid charges which are costly to businesses (Laudon, Kenneth and Carol). According to Harvard business review on business and the environment, the idea of business through the internet has changed how the customers interact with their providers and this has lead to the growth of e business. For companies like Square, e business is important because of several reasons. One is that e business leads to increase in the speed over which transactions are done. For example the time over which clients would do ordering is reduced since it can be done much quickly over such platforms since the internet covers a wide area network. For Square inc, e business would therefore mean better procurement and the

Developing Concept of the Restaurant Essay Example for Free

Developing Concept of the Restaurant Essay Restaurants plays a significant role in our lifestyle, and dining out is a favourite social activity. Everyone needs to eat, to enjoy good food and, perhaps, a wine in the company of friends and in pleasant surroundings is one of life’s pleasures. Eating out has become a way of life for families. Nowadays, a buoyant economy has given us higher disposable incomes, which allows more meals away from home. The restaurant business is fun. A lot of people coming and going, lots of new faces and never get lonely. The business is always challenging because other restaurant owners are striving to attract our guests but with the right location, menu, atmosphere, and management, it continues to attract the market. The successful restaurant offers a high return on investment, one restaurant, then two, perhaps a small chain and then retire wealthy. There are more than hundreds of restaurants in Bhutan and each year few restaurants open and few close or other just fades away. People contemplating opening a restaurant come from diverse backgrounds and bring with them a wealth of experience. However, there is no substitute for experience in the restaurant business especially in the segment in which we are planning to operate. Read more:  Essays About Restaurant Review   Developing a Concept The Star restaurant will be the mid-scale restaurant which is owned by Mr. Thinley in Thimphu at Dechencholing. It will be at very reasonable price ranging from Nu.75-2000. The restaurant will feature mostly the chicken-made dishes. Star restaurant mainly focuses on the interior design of the restaurant. The restaurant will offer a dine-in buffet, carryout and delivery to the surrounding neighbourhoods and area businesses. Also its location will give the guests a beautiful and pleasant environment. Its speciality is that it is mainly targets the celebrities so everyone can meet their own favourite celebrity. While preparation of the guests’ order, the latest songs will be played and in having their meal acoustic music of jazz will be played so they can relish their mind. The furniture used will be in the shape of the star with a background colour of black. The floor carpet will be in the shape of the stars twinkling in the night. The ceiling will be the 2D image of the stars. My Restaurant The Star restaurant will be about 2-Storeyed with a mission stated below: Mission: The Star restaurant is a great place to eat, combining an intriguing atmosphere with excellent, interesting food. The mission is not only to have great tasting food, but have efficient and friendly service because customer satisfaction is paramount. We want to be the restaurant choice for all families and singles, young and old, male or female. Employee welfare will be equally important to our success. Everyone will be treated fairly and with the utmost respect. Happy employees make happy guests. We will combine menu variety, atmosphere, ambiance, special theme nights and a friendly staff to create a sense of place in order to reach our goal of overall value in the dining/entertainment experience. We want fair profits for the owners and a reward. Feasibility study Location: Location is a primary goal in running a business like services industry. The star restaurant’s location is in Dechencholing, Thimphu Bhutan. The Starr Restaurant will be located at the top of the palace where the parking is available with a clear sign board .The disposal income of the resident is not that much higher but they love to dine out. With the modernization, Dechencholing is now town plan B. And the population is accelerating as Royal Body Guards increases year by year. Their trend as of now is that they love eating and their children love to visit discotheque. Location of the Star Restaurant is more convenient for the people of the Dechencholing to visit as it will be connected with the road. Market: The market is a fundamental for the operations of the restaurant without market it is same like season without winter. As of now there is no restaurant that offers what guests’ demand. There are some restaurant that is of low quality and mostly those restaurant offers beverages and fast food like pizza, Chana and Samosa etc. So if the Star restaurant is operating in Dechencholing, it will be a monopoly and it will be of high quality that satisfies what guest demand. Competition: Business without competition will take advantage of offering poor quality with a high price. Competition occurs when two or more organizations act independently to supply their products to the same group of consumers. So there is no similar restaurant that offers the services like the Star restaurant. Only thing is if the pricing is high people of that place will not come to the Star restaurant. If not there is no competitor but in the future it might occur. Trends of locality: The current trend of the Dechencholing people is that they go to the main town to enjoy a meal from the restaurant, to have fun, to celebrate birthdays and so on. Also the monks from Tango monastery and Pangri Zampa go to the main town to enjoy their meal. The royal bodyguards go to the main town to dine out with their families. So the Star restaurant will solve those problems by offering better services than the restaurants in the town areas.

Supply chain management of Nestle

Supply chain management of Nestle Supply chain management has gaining its importance in serving business operations and being part of strategic management of the business. Its role has been shifted from being a support department to being the core department of business with strategic importance and role to play in overall operations of the business. In modern business world no organization can sustain without having a well established, effective and efficient supply chain management. The role of vendors along with vendor management with the introduction of information technology is important consideration for organizations. Now with increase of strategic importance of supply chain management the service provider is now becoming a partner to the organization, rather being just the vendor. The factor influencing competitive advantage of the organization is now having the better vendor management and vendor relations in the list. Therefore in coming years the importance of supply chain management is expected to increase with the increase in competition and globalization. To understand the strategic supply chain management, key concepts and use of information technology to maintain the vendor relationships, this report in presented on one of the leading FMCG company Nestle. Their products range is wide and the concentration of this report is on organizations Pakistan operations. Since Pakistan is the part of their global supply chain operations but for their milk products they have to rely on the local milk suppliers who are not very much educated and well equipped. Therefore managing them is a challenge for the organization and same challenge and its handling is under study in this report. There are some recommendations also given at the end so that improvements can be made in local supply chain. Assignment 2a 2ai) Current Supply Chain Strategies in Nestle In these lines I shall be looking at the supply chain management of Nestle Pakistans operation and would not be discussing the global supply chain management of the organization. The organization has remarkable production facilities in the country and they have also enjoyed the healthy market share for last few decades. One of the reasons of the success of the organization is their vendor management and the intelligent distribution system. The market in Pakistan is mostly dependent upon the distribution network and same has been managed by the organization in recent years by having excellent relationship with their channel members and logistics. Their distribution network makes sure that every product is distributed in the required areas at the required time and the demand and supply does not have any gap. Their distribution setup is synced with their production system therefore they do not have to manage the inventory of the product for the longer period of time. This strategy has saved the organization on financial side moreover they have been able to provide the product to the market at demand (Hugos, 2006). The second side of their supply chain management is their vendor management, they have applied the just in time management concept in their raw material procurement and vendors are very well synced with the procurement and procurement is synced with the production and other support departments. This just in time management has also saved the organization the inventory management cost of the raw material and they are able to maintain a very low level of the inventory. Their vendor are also required to make sure that their raw material reaches to the organization on time (Hugos, 2006). 2aii) Use of IT to Maintain Vendor Relationships The information technology is serving organization to manage their business operations in different ways; the same concept can also be applied to manage vendor relationships with Nestle Pakistans operations. The organization can design a procurement network that is integrated with the various departments of the organization. And the procurement department can have information technology based application that are also integrated with the systems of the vendors and are automated. By using this system organization have the concept of just in time management applied in full spirit and the vendors will also be aware of the production schedules of the organization and they will be able to plan their delivery and their own production planning according (Hugos, 2006). The above mentioned scenario will make it easy and convenient for the vendors to do business with the organization and they will have better relationships with the organization and will continue to do business with them. With having these relationships with the organization they will be able to be partners of the company. Assignment 2b 2bi) Assistance of IT in Supply Chain The use of information technology can assist a great deal in the management of supply chain in case of Nestle Pakistan operations. In the global supply chain nestle is making use of supply chain management tools that are support by latest technology available. These tools are able to integrate different parts of the supply chain that includes the just in time management of raw materials, automation of order generation to vendors and the logistics of raw material from vendor to warehouse and the distribution of the finished goods to the different channels (Chopra and Meindl, 2009). Previously all the above mentioned parts of the supply chain were disintegrated or in some organization these parts were partially integrated. Now information technology has made is possible and easy to manage all these parts of the supply chain from one terminal and more over these parts and integrated with more automation. Example of this integration is simple, once the inventory level reaches to the pre defined minimum for the raw material at the production facility, then the order management system which is connected to the inventory management system, automatically generated order to the pre defined vendors. The order receiving systems of vendors are connected with the procurement systems of the organization (Chopra and Meindl, 2009). After the vendor is intimated, they manage to supply the required stuff and required quantity to organizations warehouse which is already intimated for the order delivery. All this process is done via an integrated system which is called ERP. The application of these information technology tools make the organization able to save their time and management resources and make the vendor the partners of the organization above all this usage of IT bring automation in the processes which is the requirement of production oriented organizations (Chopra and Meindl, 2009). 2bii) Effectiveness of IT in Management of Supply Chain in Nestle When we talk about the effectively using the information technology in the Pakistan market with local vendors that we see that our case company has been able to improve a lot in recent years. Since the market of Pakistan is still in developing phase and the modern management and information technology practices are yet to be adapted in this market. Since Nestle for their business require a team of vendors that are able to provide the timely supplies therefore they had to work hard to induct the modern practices in their supply chain in relation the market conditions (Cohen and Roussel, 2004). Apart from the current IT tools to help the organization gain the best out of their supply chain management, there is a function in which information technology and its use can play an important part in the management of business, and which is still to be explored. This area is related to the supply chain management of their milk products. For their milk brand which is called MILK PAK they need to collect he milk from far and village areas of the market as the milk production is mostly done in the rural areas of Pakistan. Their milk collection process is done on daily basis and it is still on manual basis. There can be use of information technology by using this they can maintain the data base of their milk vendors which are small, geographically distributed and dispersed in locations. Moreover they can also use information technology to locate their collection van using global positioning systems and install trekkers in them so that they can make sure the safety of the milk and the vans . Assignment 2c 2ci) Role of Logistics in Supply Chain Logistics has an important role to play in the overall supply chain management of any organization. Logistics are the activities that are designed to keep the good or services moving from one destination to the other destination. This movement of goods or services can be related to the raw material need for production setup, and its movement would be from vendor premises to the organizational premises and this movement can also be related to movement of finished good from organizational production facility to the channel member facility. In overall management of supply chain the logistics part has its own importance. Since the production oriented business is all about timing. If the raw material is not available to the production facility then the whole production cycle will get disturbed and similarly if the finished good are not reached to the channel members then they will not be able to distribute it on time and the result will be the complete failure of the business plan (Cohen and Roussel, 2004). Consideration for any organization would be to have the logistics setup planned and implemented that is consuming less cost of operations more over which is integrated with the supply and demand channels of the organization. Ability to design such logistics setup helps the organization to achieve their supply chain objectives with putting minimum cost to it. The success of any supply chain management is dependent upon the design of logistics, the smarter the design which is able to serve maximum in minimum cost the better the performance of supply chain roles will be. Focus of our case organization is to design the global logistics channel that is able to satisfy the global business needs in minimum costs. And they have been able to handle this challenge smartly (Cohen and Roussel, 2004). 2cii) Evaluation of Procurement Practices in Nestle Procurement practices in Nestle global as well as Nestle Pakistan are streamlined and working on the smarter management concepts. It would not be wrong to say that one of the success factors for their profitability in the Pakistan is their vendor relations and smart procurement. Nestle Pakistan has to procure different good and services from different kinds of vendor for their operations; these good ranges from the raw material for their finished good as well as the supplies for the support departments like marketing. The overall philosophy of Nestle Pakistan procurement is to focus on quality as well as business efficiency (Hugos, 2006). When we talk about the milk product of the case company then we see that the procurement of the milk from different villagers that are spread across Pakistan is a challenge and the organization has been able to cater to this challenge very well. The important factor in the procurement of the raw milk is to make sure that milk is pure, hygienic and fresh. These things are made sure by designing a well established vendor network that is responsible for the procurement of fresh milk upon the above mentioned properties (Hugos, 2006). Their procurement department has select the reliable and quality vendors that includes small to medium sized diaries that provides the quality milk to the company. Their procurement department also makes sure that the milk is fresh, hygienic and above the standards defined by the organization. Their logistics have made sure that the fresh milk reaches to the production facility on daily basis. The same care and quality consciousness have been practiced in other procurement tasks, and in short we can say that procurement processes at the organization are of high standards (Hugos, 2006). 2ciii) Factors for Improvement in Logistics Procurement There are several factors that are to be considered when organizations go for reviewing and improving their logistics and procurement. The first factor that is to be taken care of is the bargaining power of the suppliers. The higher the bargaining power of supplier the higher will be the requirement for the organization to maintain and build good relationships with their suppliers. In industries where such power is with suppliers organizations have to design their procurement process which is supplier friendly and encourages the organizations to have good friendly relationships with their vendor, focusing on making them their partners in business and getting the competitive edge out of it (Chopra and Meindl, 2009). The second factor which is to be taken into consideration is the cost factor, the procurement and logistics can be costly to the organization if not designed creatively. The logistic are costly when their inbound and outbound management is not done the way to maximize the productivity. Therefore when organization design the procurement and logistics process they should keep in mind the cost of procuring the goods and service along with the distribution cost of the good should be minimum. These costs include the time and resources costs as well. Another important consideration is related to the integration of procurement and logistics with rest of the business operation. Organization when improving these processes should also make it sure that the maximum integration is possible with other departments like production. They should be working on the automation of the processes that should be managed by single hub. This way the costs of operations will be minimum and automation and integration of all the operations will save time and increase efficiency in the business processes. They should also make sure that integration also include the vendors (Chopra and Meindl, 2009). Assignment 2d 2di) Strategy for the Improvement of Supply Chain Presented below is the brief overview about the strategy that can be used to improve the supply chain management of the organization. The focus of the strategy to improve the supply chain management of Nestle Pakistans operations. While reviewing this strategy it should be kept in mind that Pakistan is developing country and their vendor management and logistics operations are being run on old school management. The mentioned below point are focusing on vendor management and to increase the use of information technology to bring overall improvement (Chopra and Meindl, 2009). First of all the organization should work on the vendor relationship management, up till now the balance of power was with the organizations in Pakistani market, but with the introduction of global economy and open market more players are entering into Pakistan and now the importance of vendors is increasing. Keeping this view in mind the Nestle should be working on increasing the organization and vendor integration and they should be made partners in business. This can be done via having automation and integration with vendor systems and simply keeping them motivated to be partners with the organization (Chopra and Meindl, 2009). The second improvement which is required is to start the use of information technology in their supply chain management processed. Up till now the organization is using the information technology internally but they have to move out and make their vendor also use this tool. One can argue that currently vendors are not that advance in using technologies but I would say that organization would have to educate their vendors and make them part of their organizational process, this way they will be able to achieve the true partnership with their suppliers and the operations of supply chain will improve a great deal (Chopra and Meindl, 2009). 2dii) Benefits of Improvement to Business Operations The improvements suggested above have different benefits to the organizational business operations, these benefits ranges from operation to strategic benefits. The first benefit that organization will have is that they will have a strategic competitive advantage by partnering with the suppliers of the raw material of their products. The business era is changing the market and now other players are also entering into the same market, now the competitive advantage will be with the organizations which have strategic partnership with their suppliers as well. The increases in competition have also made the suppliers aware of their important role and they are also feeling the shifting balance of power. So it will be advisable to make the partnership before others do (Hugos, 2006). The second improvement is related to the use of information technology in supply chain management and it has many benefits for the organization. First of all the organization will be able to achieve the integration between different departments playing their part in value chain. Once this is done it will save time and financial resources to the organization as the processes will be streamlined and efficiency will increase. The second benefit of the IT usage will be that vendors and suppliers can also be made part of the organizational processes and with that supply chain overall and procurement processes in specific will be improved. This will again help the organization to get business efficiency (Hugos, 2006). The third benefit is related to distribution part of supply chain, organization will, with the usage of information technology, have the most streamlined distribution network when they have partnered with their channel members, and this will also help in the improvement of business. 2diii) Overcoming the Barriers to Change in Improvement Strategy Whenever there is a strategic change barriers are always there. These barriers are to be removed with the creation of understanding and delegation. The first process is to make the management understand that what are the benefits of the new strategy advised for the strategic change in supply change management. More over the management will also be informed about the challenges it has to face if they do not adapt the required changes in the market. The top management in the first phase will be made part of the process and strategic importance of the change will be introduced to them. In the second phase where the top management will already be convinced about the required change, the middle management will be taken into confidence, at this stage the vendors will also be made part of the process so that they are aware of their role in the organization. This stage will also be comprising the rough drafts of the change. In this process all the vendors and relevant departs will be encouraged to give their feedback about the suggested changes moreover their suggestion will also be noted for any improvement. All this discussion and delegation will create the sense of ownership in management and their feedback will make them realize that this is something for their own benefit and they will start owing it. Once the ownership is there, the barriers to change will start reducing it and fear of unknown will be removed. With this process the implementation of the strategic change will be made successful and finally the concerned departments will also be provided with the required training. Conclusion In this report I have discusses various kinds of supply chain strategies and use of information technology to improve the supply chain. The organization selected for the analysis was Nestle Pakistan, and their supply chain strategies were discussed briefly. The organization is having impressive supply chain management however they need to concentrate on two dimensions. One solution being the concentration on making the vendors partners of the organization. Second solution being increasing the use of information technology tools to manage their vendor relationships.

Disadvantages Of Social Networking

Disadvantages Of Social Networking In the class, Personal and Professional Development 2 there are 13 students. We all just do some debate preparation. Firstly, we just started to divided into 2 group such as opposing argument and supporting argument. Each group consisted of 6 individuals whereby one becomes event coordinator. Secondly, we are in the groups just to support and given some ideas and collecting some information. The whole groups are very clear what to do for debate. Then, we decide to do some research regarding for debate topic. Furthermore, our groups are used primary, secondary and tertiary research methods in collecting the information and also used some college library books to get more information. After that, we are still not enough sources to continue our debate. As solution the whole groups move to internet. We just find some relate articles to gather more information about our topic. As well we collect all the information then we moves to lecture part. In this part, lecture gives some comment and instructor the way how to conduct the debate. Moreover, lecture given some guideline how to conduct the debate Argument and lecture comment In these part, we all ready for the argument. After few minutes our lecture gives instruction to event coordinator to start with the introduction. Event coordinator starts with the introduction that chosen topic was social networking and its advantages and disadvantages. It give a definition to the topic was the social networking now days there was some good and bad activity go on so here there was two groups, opposition group and supporting group. The first speaker opposing that by means of social networking may influence security issues for individuals who are user of this networking. The user is liable to be victimising in cheat issues, their accounts hacked by third party, and be victim of cyber bullying. From the second speaker of opposition group was arguing that surf during social networking frequently may guide to informal relationship. This relationship may source problem in our personal life and it involve the relationship through our partner whereby causes dislike within a relationship. From third speaker, that was I as supporting member that argue regarding telling to the point of view in the organisation whereby using social networking in the organisation may reason the workers not focus on their daily task and it may not complete the task because of spending more time in social networking. It also brings difficulty to be lower the productivity of works in the organisations and affects the production of the organisation. Fourth speaker was argue about ethical issues linked to the topic of this debate whereby addictive on social networking may show the way to unethical issue and moral value such as upload pornographic pictures, orally sexual harassment, cyber bullying and etc lead the user lose their moral value. Fifth speaker emphasise on the fake business advertisements on the social networking. The speaker argue that the social networking used as stage to advertise fake advertisement to promote their product and service which may lead to bad advertise. The other sides argument From these side the first points that they argue was chatting via social networks able to expand new relationship, its stage to make new friend from other country, retain existing relations like family members, close friends etc. Futhermore, social networks also lower stage of online business that can maximise of profits, exchange information from other side of country, advantage to education level and last of all related to job opportunity where the user upload the resumes. To support their points, supporting team did not there any kind of evidence like showing materials but most of proposition group member share their real life experiences to argue their points. Overall, their arguments very good, they engaged with information related to issue of debates. Most of them enjoyed the debates by arguing their possess point of view related to the debate issue. There are few members was not have of confident to communicate their points of argument on the issues and speak very softly tends not clear about the points that we listen as opposition group. From the both sides, they had done the debate with their own satisfaction because there was no loser or winner. The both sides have they own good points. From the opposition group are formally very good with point because they have shared they life exeperience related to the issues in order to make our point very strong. In conclusion, I have learned that we should have the confident through express our point toward the argument and it also need to done some research related on topic before we presented. E -Journals Task 1 personal statement I am a person self-motivated and hardworking. I can handle various tasks at once. I also am willing to learn new tasks and try something different. I am an outgoing person. I am very active and capable to change with new situation. I like sports which have mind using sports such as football, badminton and moreover because it will help on our thinking power. Key Skill Personal skills Professional skills Hard working Self motivation Highly motivated Communication skills Responsible Patience Dependable Effective problem solver 3.0 Personal Skills I am very hardworking person because I done some research before the discussion session in the class, it also I am highly motivated by my lecture when class going on. It also my responsible to take over my team member and all depend on our self before the discussion. 4.0 Professional Skills I have the ability in management because I can complete my task without any instruction.It also me help in communication skills to develop and be patience when customer asking something. I am an effective problem solver because I have my own idea to solve it. Task 2 Critical thinking Critical thinking is method of thinking in the way about any subject, content, or problem. It also which the way thinker improves the quality of his or her thinking by expertly taking charge of the structures inborn in thinking and impressive thinker standards in the lead them. Arguments are on the whole, which communicate the main idea of the paragraph. Scholarly argument is an argument obtainable by both sides with objectives and decided. Moreover there are two common types of argument such as descriptive and critical argument. Descriptive arguments are straightforward with no supporting reasons and critical arguments are exact with supporting reasons. As I am a manager critical thinking and scholarly argument can be roles because I can critically enables analysis and also have the ability to build logical decision on critical thinking. Scholarly arguments be able to be complete by myself when I am a manager when I am performance my reports and presentation. Furthermore, it also benefits me in the future. Task 3 Critical reading Critical reading means designed to help you to understand and take on this active reading process more successfully so that you can become a better critical reader. It also to know the goal of finding a better understanding of a material and to focus on analyzing and evaluating when we are reading as we progress. The purpose of reading is more on learning that particular topic to understand and it also have clear evidence when we done reading with the message that author delivered. In the critical reading skills, there are two common types such as scanning and skimming. Skimming is a process that readers are looking over a text quickly to get a specific piece of information to find more about the book. Scanning is a process that looking over the text quickly to get a general idea of the content. The technique of reading such as survey, question, read, recall, and review. Note talking is the way of recording some relevant information when we are reading. As students, we should used these technique when our class lecture going on. Task 4 Structuring Structuring is an essentially the connection between ideas in particular argument and the pattern or the method they are being an accessible. Structuring be able to allow a researcher in the direction of identify whether the order of an idea is logical or is the next part of argument related or are there enough notice given. In the way of structuring to be logic the grouping of the ideas must be correct. in a order of ideas is also imperative. A researcher must arrange the point from the most imperative to the least imperative. The signpost is a process of representative a changes in ideas or argument. There are many types of signpost such as paragraph, sub title, sub heading, references and moreover because it could be easy to capture the message that delivered by author. There are also including some interesting words such as opposite words, concluding phrases and comma mastery which can be used as signpost. Signpost can also become failure when a researcher give a bad introduction, no capital letter spelling and grammatical error, and no space between a new paragraph. Task 5 Communicating effectively in teams. Communication means that people communicate to another one. It is also a way to deliver message or get feedback. Effective communication is not only concerning expressing our feelings or transmission our possess messages from corner to corner to the other party. Communication is never a one-sided event, because we also need to listen to what other party has to say. For example communication tools such as email, sending message service, phone calls, fax or etc. Effective communication will help more in group because we can share all the information and also easy to achieve our target with minimum time. From my side of view, communication with team are more effective because it will help in our class when the tutorial part going on. These time, normally we make small group and discuss about topic that given by lecture. It will help a lot because we share our point and our opinions to others and then easy to make a proper answer. Job Description In the Apple I Company, I was being offered as an Administrative Assistant. This company was organizing to setting up the event management company, whereby they made to manage everything from an event which planning to do finishing of the event. This event was concentrating such as birthday party, wedding, Indian traditional ceremonies and etc. I was undertakes the responsibility of setting up a company event as Administrative Assistant on the 1st October 2012 until 30th November 2012. During that time, I were about 3 wedding and 2 birthday partys which been successfully. About five events that I did was very accountable to book the venue, decoration parts and ordering parts. I was made a basically part in an event with a stress and tired with the conduct of event. As a new Administrative Assistant, I challenged to satisfy a few problems to manage that duty that I was held responsible for it. As new worker, I did get any of proper venues to book for the number of people in the event. In this situation, I focused that, there are different types of caterer for the food and the way of make the proper decoration as a team. I never am asked any seniors to help in the duty given to me with the given time frame. Lesson Learned As a student, I work without experience and I got the time to challenge how to justify the setting and ideally reading about it. In the working environment is totally different from what I listen in studies as a much more in the working environment. Firstly, I have knowledge as a worker in group, there must have good communication skills with our dependents and workers. Without making a good communication with a people, may have some problems to achieve its purposes. Secondly, must have a good team work amongst the dependents which is very capable as not everyone is perfect so we have to share their ideas to get information in every essential tool in a group. Thirdly, I was note that how to manage time well. The time management is very important things in whatever we do and as knowledge of work, without proper time management will be stuck and cannot be achieve the aims. Further, I may not have a working experience and knowledge to manage the event. But there is a question was asked that How to be an Administrative Assistant? What are the tasks of an Administrative Assistant? But now I can said that, I have a working experience and responsibility with all the job and I can make a job easier in anywhere I go. My Strength and Weakness In the first week I just start with a happy movement in the organization. In the organization everyone honored with my hard work and I feel like very important person in an organization. After that, I was feeling full of energy day-by-day for few weeks. Then, I started feeling kind of bored as I had to do the same work day in and day out. Furthermore, these organizations are mainly target on few tasks such as booking venue, ordering food and fixed the decoration. In these organizations, I might grow fed up of that work because every day might do same task. For me, I realized that this work may not suitable and I am encourage myself to work with multi-task opportunities in big organizations. It will help me to think and improving myself in additional knowledge in that organization as whole.

Access to Review Essay -- Supreme Court

When it comes to our courts there are many rules and regulations that our Supreme Court Justices must abide by. There are many restraints placed upon them and their ability to legally hear a case. Justices are restrained by the types of cases before them as well as jurisdiction, legitimacy and capacity, judicial role, and access to review. Under access to review there are many interesting caveats to the law that must be looked at with a critical eye and an understanding that not all cases are able to be heard by the Supreme Court. Access to review touches quite a few rules within the court; three of which will be discussed herein: ripeness, standing, and justicabilty. Ripeness is the notion that a case is ready to be heard before the Supreme Court only when all other involved agencies have exhausted their efforts to solve the dispute. The purpose of ripeness or of the doctrine introduced by ripeness ‘Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies’ is to prevent the courts premature involvement in cases that have yet to reach a final decision by other remedies and through other administrative agencies. In addition to these ripeness restrictions, the doctrine also provides that cases must face an immediate and nearly definite promise of adverse governmental action before a case may be heard before the Supreme Court. The doctrine â€Å"Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies† was adapted to give overseeing administrative agencies the authority to handle grievances within their jurisdiction as afforded to them by congress. â€Å"Requiring exhaustion helps agencies avoid the cost of making decisions without all interested parties present; increases accuracy, consistency, and public acceptability of administrative decisions; conserves judicial resou... ...st of time. Our court system is terribly overburdened and we must maintain a sense of law and order if it is going to continue to work in favor of the most deserving litigants. â€Æ' Works Cited Gelpe, Marcia R., "Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies: The Lesson from Environmental Cases" (1985).Faculty Scholarship Paper 81. http://open.wmitchell.edu/facsch/81 For Encyclopedia of American Law: Standing. (n.d.) West's Encyclopedia of American Law, edition 2. (2008). Retrieved April 20 2014 http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/standing John E. Finn (2006). "Civil Liberties and the Bill of Rights". The Teaching Company. "Part I: Lecture 4: The Court and Constitutional Interpretation Murphy, Walter F., C. Herman Pritchett, and Lee Epstein. Courts, judges & politics: An introduction to the judicial process. 6th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2002.

Organization :: Free Essay Writer

Organization Structure The United States Navy is an enormous organization spanning the entire globe. The chain of command covers everyone involved with the Navy from the President of United States all the way down to the eighteen-year old just checking into his first command. There are literally hundreds of different specialized jobs in the Navy all requiring different leadership styles and organization structures. Overall the entire United States Navy is based on a mechanistic organization with some variations throughout do to the wide variety of job fields. For instance my particular job field is one of the more technical fields in the Navy so we generally have some differences in organizational structure than that of the sailor painting the ship painted. I am currently working at the Fleet Area Control and Surveillance Facility (FACSFAC) located at Naval Air Station Jacksonville. FACSFAC as a whole is a mechanistic organization divided into two departments and several divisions providing basic functions ranging from things as complex as air traffic control to maintaining the cleanliness of the building. There is a Department Head over each department with several Division Officers reporting directly to them. The Department Head in turn reports directly to the commanding officer on all matters related to their individual departments. The air traffic control division is further divided into three sections of controllers that report directly to the Radar Branch Chief who reports to the Division Officer. Professionally the sections are managed in a boundary-less, team-based structure although militarily they are still run as a mechanistic organization. In some of the less technical divisions there is only a mechanistic organiz ation. Although the Navy does not have a formal organizational network, its’ use of informal organizational networks are critical to its’ success. Many times during a military career the member will make friendships with other members in the same job field. As time goes on and the members transfer from one facility to another they are able to call on one another for solutions to problems they may come across. With the rise of the Internet these networks are being used in situations that in the past would have been impossible. There are basically four major types of boundaries affecting businesses today, the authority boundary, task boundary, political boundary and the identity boundary.